The Scope of the Rule of Iqdam in Criminal Jurisprudence and Criminal Law with an Evidence-Based Approach
Keywords:
Rule of Iqdam, criminal jurisprudence, criminal law, evidences of Iqdam, scope of IqdamAbstract
This article examines and explicates the “Rule of Iqdam” and the extent of its application in the field of criminal jurisprudence and criminal law. The Rule of Iqdam, recognized among Islamic jurists, states that if an individual knowingly and intentionally takes action to their own detriment, the responsibility for the resulting harm rests upon themselves, and others are exempt from liability. Although the discussions surrounding this rule have predominantly been raised in the domain of civil law and private relations between individuals, this study—with an evidence-based approach and through jurisprudential and legal discourse in a library-based method—addresses the applicability or inapplicability of the Rule of Iqdam in criminal matters. In this regard, the concept, conditions, pillars, and proofs of the Rule of Iqdam in the realm of criminal law are analyzed and evaluated, drawing upon arguments such as the identification of the Rule of Iqdam as a jurisprudential principle, juristic opinions, defense theory, the scope of consent, and relevant examples grounded in the principle of action. Moreover, its manifestation in criminal law was investigated through a close examination of particular instances. Ultimately, considering the innovative aspects, this study: first, identified the main reasons for the crystallization of the Rule of Iqdam in criminal affairs; second, with an evidence-based approach, established the principle of acceptance of the Rule of Iqdam in criminal matters; and third, by affirming this rule as a widely applicable principle in criminal contexts, highlighted the necessity of reform and transformation in certain legal provisions, particularly Clause (p) of Article 38 of the Islamic Penal Code enacted in 2013, and emphasized the need for establishing the institution of Iqdam within criminal law.
References
Aghaei Nia, H. (2020). Jarayem Alayh-e Ashkhas: Shakhsiyat-e Ma'navi (Crimes Against Persons: Moral Personality). Mizan.
Amid, H. (2003). Farhang-e Amid (Amid Dictionary) (Vol. 1). Amir Kabir.
Amid Zanjani, A. A. (2011). Qawa'id Fiqh-e Bakhsh-e Khosousi (Jurisprudence Rules of the Private Sector) (Vol. 1). SAMT.
Ardebili, M. A. (2021). Hoghoog-e Jazay-e Omoumi (General Criminal Law) (Vol. 1). Mizan.
Bostani, F. E. (1996). Farhang-e Abjadi. Islami.
Fadel Isfahani, M. i. H. (1995). Kashf al-Litham wa al-Ibham (Vol. 11). Islamic Publications Office.
Fadel Lankrani, M. J. (2015). Qawa'id Man Malak. Center of the Jurisprudence of the Imams of Purity.
Fayoumi, A. i. M. (1993). Al-Misbah al-Munir fi Gharib al-Sharh al-Kabir li al-Rafi'i. Mu'assasat Dar al-Hijrah.
Gha'edi, S. (2024). Excessive Justifiable Defense in the Iranian Criminal Justice Process (with an Emphasis on Deliberate Murder). Journal of Legal Researches, 23(59).
Ghani, K., Joudaki, B., Sadeghi, M., & Mirzaei, M. (2016). Physician-Assisted Suicide from the Perspective of Ethics, Jurisprudence, and Law. Ethics and History of Medicine, 9(4).
Golpayegani, M. R. Majma' al-Masa'el (Vol. 4). Dar al-Quran al-Karim.
Haji Deh Abadi, A. (2008). Qawa'id-e Fiqh-e Jazayi (Rules of Criminal Jurisprudence). Hawzah and University Research Institute.
Hojjati, M. (2015). Qanoun-e Mojazat-e Eslami dar Nazm-e Konouni (Islamic Penal Code in its Current Order). Misagh-e Edalat.
Hosseini Maraghi, S. M. A. (1996). Al-'Anawin al-Fiqhiyyah (Vol. 2). Islamic Publications Office.
Hosseini Maraghi, S. M. A. (2009). Tarjomeh va Sharh al-Anawin (Translation and Commentary on Al-'Anawin) (Vol. 3). Jangal-Javdaneh Publications.
Imam Khomeini, S. R. Tahrir al-Wasilah (Vol. 2). Dar al-Elm.
Ja'fari Langaroudi, M. J. (1993). Terminologi-ye Hoghough (Terminology of Law). Ganj-e Danesh Publications.
Ja'fari Langaroudi, M. J. (1999). Mabsout dar Terminologi-ye Hoghough (Elaborate on Terminology of Law) (Vol. 1). Ganj-e Danesh Library.
Ja'fari Tabrizi, M. T. (1981). Manabe'-e Fiqh (Sources of Jurisprudence). Noor.
Khodayar, H. (2010). Invoking the Rule of Consent for the Legitimacy of Active Voluntary Euthanasia. Quarterly Journal of Medical Jurisprudence, 3(5-6).
Khoei, S. A. (1989). Minhaj al-Salihin (Vol. 2). Madinat al-Ilm.
Khosravi, K., Daneshvar Sani, R., & Asghari, A. (2018). An Analysis of Article 365 of the Islamic Penal Code (2013) (Euthanasia). Teachings of Criminal Law, 15(15).
Kulayni, M. i. Y. (1984). Al-Kafi (Vol. 7). Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiya.
Makarim Shirazi, N. (2006). Estifta'at-e Jadid (New Inquiries) (Vol. 1 & 3). Madrasah of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (a.s.).
Mo'in, M. (1996). Farhang-e Farsi (Persian Dictionary) (Vol. 1). Amir Kabir.
Mohaghegh Damad, S. M. (1985). Qawa'id Fiqh (Rules of Jurisprudence) (Vol. 1). Islamic Sciences Publishing Center.
Mohaghegh Damad, S. M. (2005). Qawa'id Fiqh-e Bakhsh-e Madani-Malekiyat va Mas'ouliyat (Jurisprudence Rules of the Civil Section: Ownership and Liability). Islamic Sciences Publishing.
Mohammadi, A. H. (1995). Qawa'id Fiqh (Rules of Jurisprudence). Dadgostar.
Mohaqqeq Ardabili, A. i. M. (1983). Majma' al-Faidah wa al-Burhan (Vol. 14). Islamic Publications Office.
Mohaqqeq Hilli, J. i. H. (1987). Sharai' al-Islam (Vol. 4). Isma'iliyan Institute.
Mostafavi, M. K. (2000). Mi'a Qa'ida Fiqhiyyah (al-Qawa'id). Jami'at al-Modarresin fi al-Hawzat al-'Ilmiyyah bi Qum, Islamic Publications Institute.
Mousavi Bojnourdi, S. H. (1998a). Al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah (Vol. 2). Al-Hadi.
Mousavi Bojnourdi, S. H. (1998b). Al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah (Vol. 7). Al-Hadi.
Mousavi Bojnourdi, S. M. (1980). Qawa'id Fiqhiyyah (Vol. 1). Orouj Institute.
Nabi, A. (2020). The Necessities and Obstacles to the Legalization of Euthanasia in Iran. Journal of Legal Researches, 19(41).
Naderi Owj Baghzi, J., Emtehani, A., & Paydar Fard, A. (2022). An Examination of the Factors Breaking the Chain of Causation in Criminal Law. Legal Civilization Journal(11).
Najafi Kashif al-Ghita, M. H. (1980). Tahrir al-Majallah (Vol. 1). Al-Mortazawiyyah Library.
Najafi, M. H. (1983). Jawahir al-Kalam fi Sharh Sharai' al-Islam (Vol. 37). Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi.
Nouri, H. i. M. T. (1987). Mustadrak al-Wasa'il wa Mustanbat al-Masa'il (Vol. 11). Al al-Bayt Institute for the Revival of Heritage.
Ramshi, M., Mehrabi Rad, L., & Tajoddini, M. (2017). An Examination of Euthanasia in Jurisprudence, Law, and Ethics. Quarterly Journal of New Researches in Human Sciences(22).
Rouhani, M. S. (2003). Pasokhha-ye Ayatollah al-Uzma Rouhani be Estifta'at-e Ghuwe-ye Qazaiyye (Responses of Ayatollah al-Uzma Rouhani to the Inquiries of the Judiciary). Hadith-e Del.
Rouhani, M. S. (2004). Estifta'at (Inquiries) (Vol. 6). Hadith-e Del.
Sadr, S. M. B. (1996). Al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah: Buhuth fi 'Ilm al-Usul li al-Sadr (Vol. 5). Mu'assasat Da'irat al-Ma'arif al-Fiqhiyah 'ala Madhhab Ahl al-Bayt (a.s.).
Safari, M., & Zehravi, R. (2009). A Comparative Study of the Presumption of the Rule of Dar' (Averting Punishment) in Imami Jurisprudence, Iranian Law, and English Law. Quarterly Journal of Private Law Studies, 39(2).
Shahid Thani. (1992). Masalik al-Afham (Vol. 15). Mu'assasat al-Ma'arif al-Islamiya.
Shams Nateri, M. I., & Abdollah Yar, S. (2010). Justifiable Defense and Its Foundations of Legitimacy. Journal of Legal Studies, 2(2).
Shams Nateri, M. I., & Zare, M. K. (2017). Re-examining the Concept of Justifiable Defense in the New Islamic Penal Code. Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, 50(1).
Tabataba'i, S. A. (1997). Riyad al-Masa'il (Vol. 16). Mu'assasat Al al-Bayt (a.s.).
Tabrizi, M. J. (2005). Tanqih Mabani al-Ahkam: Kitab al-Qisas. Dar al-Siddiqah al-Shahidah (s.a.).
Tahanavi, M. A. i. A. (1996). Kashshaf Istilahat al-Funun (Vol. 2). Maktabat Lubnan Nashirun.
Tahrani, F. M. (1996). Majma' al-Bahrain (Vol. 3). Mortazavi.
Tamimi Amidi, A. W. i. M. (1989). Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim. Dar al-Kitab al-Islami.
Tarhini Amili, M. H. (2006). Al-Zubdah al-Fiqhiyyah fi Sharh al-Rawdah al-Bahiyyah (Vol. 9). Dar al-Fiqh lil-Tiba'ah wa al-Nashr.
Tousi, M. i. H. (1987). Al-Mabsut fi Fiqh al-Imamiyyah (Vol. 7). Maktabat al-Mortazawiyyah li Ihya' Athar al-Ja'fariyyah.
Validy, M. S. (2013). Sharh-e Bayeste-ha-ye Qanoun-e Mojazat-e Eslami (Commentary on the Necessities of the Islamic Penal Code). Jangal.
Velaei, E. (2008). Qawa'id Fiqhi (Jurisprudential Rules). Dar al-Fikr Publications.
Zehni Tehrani, M. J. (1987). Al-Mabahith al-Fiqhiyyah fi Sharh al-Rawda al-Bahiyyah (Vol. 29). Vojdani.
Zojaji, H., & Malmir, M. (2019). A Study of Prescribed Islamic Ta'zirat in Iranian Jurisprudence and Criminal Law. Criminal Law Research, 7(27), 131-163.
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Alireza Zarei (Author); Ali Chahkandinezhad; Reza Zahravi (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
