The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Judicial Process
Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has introduced significant transformations in the field of law and judicial procedures. Intelligent legal systems, utilizing machine learning and natural language processing, can enhance both the speed and accuracy of judicial processes. However, the adoption of this technology presents legal challenges such as the protection of privacy, the risk of bias, and ambiguities in accountability. In recent years, researchers and policymakers have become increasingly aware of the potential disruptive effects of AI on court operations and judicial decision-making. Although AI systems are currently employed to a limited extent in courts, debates persist regarding the future of this technology in judicial decision-making. Designing an automated court or an AI judge requires consideration of societal expectations, as well as the necessary skills and resources. Fundamental principles such as fairness, impartiality, and efficiency must be integrated into the design of new judicial systems in order to maintain public trust. AI has the potential to expand access to justice, render judicial decisions based on logical evidence through data analysis, and prevent discriminatory outcomes. Additionally, this technology may enhance transparency and public trust while increasing the efficiency and accuracy of case adjudication. This article adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on library-based sources, to explore the role of AI in the judicial process. It aims to elucidate the applications of AI within this domain and to identify both its strengths and weaknesses.
The Future of the Robot Judge in Iran’s Judicial System: From Imagination to Legal Reality
The rapid growth of emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, has brought concepts such as the "robot judge" from the realm of imagination into the domain of serious scientific and legal discourse. The idea of replacing or complementing human judges with robots—aimed at increasing the speed, accuracy, and impartiality of judicial proceedings—has attracted the attention of many legal systems around the world. Simultaneously, this transformation raises profound legal, ethical, and cultural challenges, especially in systems based on Islamic law and traditional judicial principles. In this context, examining the feasibility of implementing a robot judge within Iran’s judicial system—founded on the principles of fair trial, human dignity, and jurisprudential foundations—seems to be an inevitable necessity. The objective of this study is to analyze the legal, jurisprudential, and practical dimensions of incorporating a robot judge into the Iranian adjudicative process, while exploring the potential opportunities and threats posed by this technology. The central research question of the article is: "Given the legal framework, the requirements of fair trial, and the jurisprudential foundations present in Iran, to what extent is the realization of a robot judge feasible and justifiable?" The research method employed in this article is descriptive–analytical, utilizing library sources and a comparative review of the experiences of select countries in implementing artificial intelligence within their judicial systems. The findings of this study indicate that although AI-based tools used to assist judicial decision-making or predict judicial outcomes may be beneficial and justifiable in certain areas, the complete replacement of a human judge with a robot judge faces serious legal and jurisprudential barriers due to the necessity of exercising reason, fairness, ethical responsibility, and attention to human dignity. Under the current conditions of Iran’s judicial system, such replacement lacks full legal legitimacy.
Collaboration of Governments in Adhering to Environmental Standards in the Global Sustainable Energy Cycle for Human Health
The sustainable energy cycle can reduce dependency on fossil fuels and contribute to environmental preservation. The use of renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and geothermal energy, can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming. The aim of this study is to examine the collaboration of governments in adhering to environmental standards within the framework of the global sustainable energy cycle and its impact on human health. This research is fundamental in nature and employs a descriptive-documentary method. Data were obtained from books, journals, and databases, and analyzed through descriptive methods and comparative studies to draw conclusions and test various hypotheses. Throughout the writing process, the principles of textual integrity, honesty, and accuracy have been strictly adhered to. The findings of the study indicate that international law provides a framework for the role and participation of governments in implementing the global sustainable energy cycle. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement serve as primary international agreements that outline countries' commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting clean energy sources. Furthermore, the role of governments in implementing sustainable energy cycles extends to infrastructure development. Governments must ensure that the necessary infrastructure is in place to support the growth of renewable energy resources and ensure that the energy grid can accommodate new clean energy sources. Energy is considered a vital resource for human progress and well-being. However, dominant energy systems are unsustainable and have a significant impact on climate change, making the role of governments in this area crucial.
A Critical-Analytical Approach to the Criminalization of Bribery in the Private Sector
The criminalization of bribery in the private sector constitutes one of the major challenges in modern legal systems. This issue is accompanied by complexities in terms of definition, scope, and enforcement of the law, which necessitates a thorough and critical analysis. In this regard, various approaches exist to examine the subject, including the evaluation of theoretical foundations, comparison with other legal systems, and analysis of its practical consequences. Bribery, as one of the most prominent manifestations of financial corruption, has always posed a serious threat to the economic and social health of societies. While this phenomenon has often been addressed and criminalized in the public sector, it also results in widespread negative consequences within the private sector, such as the erosion of public trust, the weakening of fair competition, and the degradation of transparency principles in the market. However, current Iranian laws have thus far failed to comprehensively criminalize bribery in the private sector. Although some legal provisions contain limited references to this issue, such regulations do not adequately address the complexity and breadth of the existing problems. On the other hand, international instruments such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), which Iran has ratified, emphasize the necessity of criminalizing bribery at all levels, including within the private sector. Furthermore, Islamic jurisprudential and legal foundations, drawing upon principles such as the prohibition of unjust enrichment (ḥurma al-akl bi-l-bāṭil) and the maxim al-taʿzīr li-kull ḥarām (discretionary punishment for every unlawful act), stress the imperative to combat this phenomenon in all its forms. The 2022 Draft Penal Code on Discretionary Punishments (Lāyeḥe Taʿzīrāt 1401) represents a positive step toward addressing this legal gap, but it still contains deficiencies and ambiguities that require revision and supplementation. This article adopts a critical-analytical approach to examine the necessity of criminalizing bribery in the private sector, its jurisprudential and legal foundations, and the legislative challenges involved. Additionally, it reviews the experiences of select countries and relevant international standards to offer recommendations for improving and completing the legal approaches to this issue.
The Use of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Preventing Female Delinquency: A Novel Approach to Situational Crime Prevention
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has garnered significant attention as an effective tool across various domains of criminal sciences, particularly in crime prevention. This article adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the role of AI in the prevention of female delinquency. Given the distinct characteristics of the female offender population and the social, economic, and psychological factors influencing their criminal behavior, the present study seeks to explore the potential of modern technologies—particularly machine learning, big data analytics, and predictive algorithms—in the early identification of high-risk behaviors, crime prediction, and timely intervention. Situational prevention of female delinquency through the application of AI technology represents an innovative and targeted approach in criminal policy-making. By focusing on three core areas, it demonstrates considerable effectiveness in reducing delinquent behaviors. First, by increasing the effort and risk associated with committing crimes—through the use of predictive crime algorithms, intelligent offender profiling systems, and recidivism pattern analysis—it becomes more difficult for women to engage in criminal activities. Second, the reduction of the benefits associated with delinquency is achieved through tools such as geographic analysis, crime mapping, and surveillance robots, which restrict immediate access to criminogenic settings. Finally, the elimination of excuses for criminal behavior is addressed through regulatory reforms, precise rule-setting, and the facilitation of norm enforcement via intelligent systems and machine learning processes.
Examining Legal Termination (Ipso Facto Dissolution) in the Iraqi Legal System in Comparison with the CISG
This study investigates the concept of ipso facto (automatic) termination of contracts within the Iraqi legal system in comparison with the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Contract termination, as one of the primary mechanisms for ending contractual obligations, holds particular significance in contract law and may occur under various statutory or contractual conditions. The objective of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis of the principles and foundations of contract termination across three different legal systems and to evaluate their legal compatibility and alignment. The methodology of this study is primarily analytical and comparative, involving a detailed review of legal texts, judicial precedents, and scholarly articles concerning the dissolution of contracts under Iraqi law as well as the provisions of the CISG. Findings reveal that both the Iraqi legal system and the CISG serve as legal frameworks governing commercial relations; however, there are notable similarities and differences between them in terms of legal processes and requirements. The Iraqi legal system is largely influenced by codified civil law derived from the Majalla (Ottoman Code) and Islamic legal traditions, whereas the CISG is an international convention specifically designed to facilitate cross-border trade and addresses commercial issues irrespective of national legal systems. Ultimately, a comparative assessment of contract termination in the Iraqi legal system and the CISG highlights the need for a flexible and adaptive legal framework in international commercial transactions. Each of these systems reflects distinct legal perspectives on termination, shaped by the unique cultural and social contexts in which they operate.
The Impact and Role of Information Technology in Money Laundering
Today, the remarkable transformation in the global monetary and banking system, resulting from the information and communication technology (ICT) revolution, has had profound effects on the social and economic lives of individuals. At the same time, it has posed new challenges to the current anti-money laundering regulations. Access to electronic banking and internet networks has created a suitable safe haven for money laundering activities. In contemporary times, the discourse on organized crimes—both national and transnational—has entered a new phase, where efforts are increasingly directed at preventing the emergence of criminal organizations and confronting them decisively through various means. Autonomous approaches, namely preventing the entry of illicit revenues into national and international financial systems, have long been on the agenda of national and international policymakers. Unfortunately, this has led to the emergence of a new criminal trend known as money laundering, compelling responsible authorities to address it proactively. However, the radical transformation of the global monetary and banking system, brought about by the advent of electronic money and banking, has challenged the existing anti-money laundering regulations, making comprehensive revisions of such measures necessary. This research seeks to answer the question: What impact does electronic banking have on the money laundering process? Based on the hypothesis that electronic banking facilitates the commission of money laundering offenses and introduces new methods for committing such crimes, the study examines e-commerce and banking, along with the characteristics of each. It proposes techniques for electronic money laundering, explores both common and novel methods, and compares traditional money laundering processes with modern ones. In this context, the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) regarding the fight against electronic money laundering are also presented. The conclusion drawn is that information and communication technology, when provided in an insecure environment, can expand and develop money laundering, as well as facilitate and diversify its methods. Therefore, this issue must be taken into serious consideration in the formulation of economic, financial, and criminal policies.
Grounds for Acceptance of Ignorance of the Law as a Legal Defense
The legal maxim ignorantia juris non excusat—ignorance of the law excuses no one—has long served as a foundational doctrine in legal systems worldwide, ensuring uniform application of laws and reinforcing the rule of law. However, in the context of increasingly complex legal frameworks and growing social disparities in legal awareness, the strict and unqualified application of this principle has come under scrutiny. This article critically examines the theoretical foundations and historical development of the maxim, tracing its evolution from Roman law to its modern application in civil law systems, common law jurisdictions, and Islamic jurisprudence. It explores the underlying rationales for the rule, including legal certainty, social order, and procedural efficiency, while also addressing contemporary critiques that highlight its potential to produce unjust outcomes. Focusing on the legal system of Iran, with its unique fusion of Islamic and civil law traditions, the article identifies key exceptions to the general rule, such as administrative miscommunication, reliance on official advice, legal ambiguity, and personal incapacity. Comparative analysis with French, German, British, and American legal systems reveals both shared concerns and divergent approaches in handling claims of legal ignorance. The study advocates for a cautious but principled expansion of exceptions, grounded in fairness, accessibility, and the realities of legal comprehension among diverse populations. The article concludes with policy recommendations for improving public legal education, enhancing the dissemination and clarity of laws, and establishing procedural guidelines for courts to assess claims of legal ignorance. These reforms aim to preserve the legitimacy of the general rule while ensuring that its application does not conflict with the fundamental values of justice and equity.
Current Issue
Articles
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A Critical-Analytical Approach to the Criminalization of Bribery in the Private Sector
Ehsan Saleh ; Ali Mazidi Sharafabadi * ; Amir Mohammad Sedighian , Ali Zare Mehrgardi , MohammadReza Rahmat169-174 -
Comparative Analysis of Criminal Sanctions for Violations of Privacy in Iran and Iraq
Mohammad Ali Abdulhasan Yassin ; Zainab Pourkhaqan Shahrezaee * ; Ayad Abdul Hamzah Baawi , Mohammad Sharif Shahi63-80 -
The Impact of International Legal Standards on Fair Trial in the Criminal Legal Systems of Iran and Iraq
Ali Abbas Sabah Al- Kariti , Zainab Pourkhaqan Shahrezaee * , Abdali Mohamamd Swadi , Mohammad Sharif Shahi135-147
